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Medical sciences and Public health

June 6, 2025; Bologna, Italy: VII International Scientific and Practical Conference «RICERCHE SCIENTIFICHE E METODI DELLA LORO REALIZZAZIONE: ESPERIENZA MONDIALE E REALTÀ DOMESTICHE»


COXSACKIEVIRUS: PRACTICAL RECOGNITION OF HAND, FOOT, AND MOUTH DISEASE SYNDROME IN CHILDREN


DOI
https://doi.org/10.36074/logos-06.06.2025.102
Published
06.06.2025

Abstract

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a viral illness primarily affecting children under the age of five, characterized by oral lesions and rashes on the hands and feet. The primary etiological agents are Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), with CV-A16 being the most common. The disease is highly contagious and spreads through fecal-oral and airborne droplet routes, leading to frequent outbreaks, especially in children’s groups such as schools and kindergartens. Additionally, there is no specific treatment or preventive vaccine, which limits therapeutic options and prevention strategies. The absence of a clear diagnosis at the initial stage can lead to mismanagement. Complications, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and myocarditis, are rare but can occur, particularly with infections caused by Enterovirus 71.

The primary objective of this study was to analyze the clinical manifestations, frequency, and progression of HFMD in children in outpatient settings, refine diagnostic criteria, evaluate therapeutic approaches, and develop recommendations to prevent complications and reduce infection spread. The study involved 250 children, aged 6 months to 18 years, who visited outpatient departments between January and May 2025. Among these, 84 children (33.6%) were diagnosed with HFMD based on clinical examination, specifically the characteristic rashes and oral lesions. The study included a systematic review of the literature to enhance diagnostic accuracy and management approaches. The findings revealed that HFMD most commonly affected children between 1 and 5 years old, with a slight male predominance. The clinical presentation typically involved macular rashes on the palms, soles, and oral mucosa, accompanied by fever, irritability, and reduced appetite. Symptomatic treatment, including antipyretics, local analgesics, and rehydration, was effective for managing the disease. Most patients improved within 5–7 days, with no severe complications reported. In conclusion, HFMD is a prevalent pediatric condition that requires timely clinical diagnosis and appropriate symptomatic treatment. Early intervention is essential to prevent complications and limit transmission in high-risk environments. Increased awareness among healthcare providers and parents is crucial for improving outcomes and controlling the spread of the disease.

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