The system of checks and balances is a fundamental principle in the functioning of a democratic state, ensuring equilibrium among the branches of government and preventing the concentration of power in a single authority. The Constitution of the Italian Republic, adopted in 1947 [4], provides for the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch is equipped with instruments to influence the others, thus guaranteeing mutual restraint and cooperation within a rule-of-law framework.
